西方的人物和组织（4）：爱德华·伯内斯 | CHS
提升思维层次
图 1：《颠倒黑白之父》（图片来源：美国亚马逊网站）
爱德华·伯内斯
1917年的伯内斯
出生 |
爱德华·伯内斯[1] 奥匈帝国，维也纳 |
去世 | 1995年3月9日，享年103岁 美国，马萨诸塞州，剑桥市 |
职业 | 公共关系，广告 |
著作 | 《凝聚民意》（1923）、《宣传》（1928）、《公共关系》（1945）、《制造赞同的工程学》（1955） |
配偶 | 朵丽丝 E.弗莱施曼 |
子女 | 朵丽丝·赫尔德[2]，安·伯内斯 |
父母 | 伊利·伯内斯 |
亲属 | 玛莎·伯内斯（姑姑）、西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（舅舅）、艾萨克·伯内斯（曾祖父） |
家庭背景与教育经历
图 2：西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（图片来源：英文维基百科）
职业生涯
医学编辑
图 3：1914年的默片《残品》的海报（图片来源：网络）
媒体代理人
图 4：弗洛尔·瑞瓦莱斯（图片来源：纽约公共图书馆）
第一次世界大战
公共关系咨询委员会
图 5：《凝聚民意》（图片来源：美国亚马逊网站）
著名客户与策划活动
图 6：“维尼达发网，网住你的男人”（图片来源：网络）
图 7：“象牙香皂，它能浮起来”（图片来源：网络）
光之金禧
图 8：匹茨堡的光之金禧庆典（图片来源：http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/Point1929.html）
政界客户
非盈利组织
弗洛伊德
烟草
图 9：“好彩香烟对她的嗓音更温柔”（图片来源：网络）
自由火炬
图 10：女性吸烟风靡美国（图片来源：网络）
绿色舞会
图 11：“好彩香烟，好品味的高度”
工作套路
联合果品公司与危地马拉
图 12：中央情报局推翻危地马拉总统的秘密行动
宣传手段
第三方
科学方式
哲学
——《宣传》(1928) 第9 - 10页
图 13：《宣传》一书1928年版的封面
认可与遗产
图 14：约瑟夫·戈培尔（图片来源：维基百科）
外接视频
出版物
书籍
• 《百老汇文集》百老汇文集(1917年，合著)
• 《凝聚民意》(纽约:Boni and Liveright出版社, 1923) OCLC 215243834
• 《公关顾问》（1927）
• 《职业纲要：38位杰出美国人所获成就之实用指南》(1927年)
• 《宣传舆论判决书》(1927年)
• 《宣传》(纽约：兰登书屋出版社. 1928) ISBN 978-0-8046-1511-2
• 《宣传之业》(1928)
• 《大学——舆论的探路者》(1937)
• 《男性职业：商机实用指南》，38位成功美国人著(1939年)
• 《为民主大声疾呼：你能做什么——为每个美国公民制定切实可行的行动计划》(纽约：维京出版社，1940年)
• 《战后世界私营企业的未来》(1942)
• 《全面战争中的民主领导》(1943)
• 《和平的心理蓝图—加拿大与美国》(1944)
• 《公关关系》（1945）
• 《你在和平桌谈判上的位置。你能做什么来赢得持久的联合国和平》(纽约：The Gerent出版社，1945年)
• 《英国人对我们的看法：英国人对美国与美国人的敌意与动机及改善英美关系的建议》(1950年，与妻子多丽丝·弗莱施曼合著)
• 《制造共识的工程学》(诺曼：俄克拉荷马大学出版社，供稿) OCLC 550584
• 《公关之于你的未来》(1961)
• 《思想传记：公关顾问回忆录》(1965)
• 《美国海外信息政策及项目之案例重估》（特别研究）(1970)，爱德华·L.·伯内斯与伯内特·赫尔歇（编辑）
精选文章
• “少数者的规则”，《书人》，1927年4月，第150-155页。
• “操纵舆论：为什么与怎么做”，《美国社会学杂志》第33卷第6期，1928年5月。
• “国家政策营销：战争宣传研究”，《营销杂志》，1942年1月第6卷第3期。
• “态度调查——仆人还是主人？”，《舆论季刊》第9卷第3期，1945年秋。
• “制造共识的工程学”，《美国政治和社会科学学会年鉴》250，1947年3月。
• “工会教育计划”，《劳资关系评论》第1卷第1期，1947年10月。
• “公关顾问的出现：原则与回忆”，《商业史评论》第45卷第3期，1971年秋。
另见
• 操控大众
• 操纵民意（公共关系）
• 群体心理学
参考文献
1.Tye(1998), p. 147. "Feeling he was too short, at 5 feet 4 inches, Eddie seemed determined to make everything else larger than life. He even inflated his name with an L., a middle initial that was not on his birth record in Vienna. It apparently stood for Louis, although even his daughters aren't sure,since he didn't like to talk about it.
2.https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/10/obituaries/edward-bernays-father-public-relations-leader-opinion-making-dies-103.html
3."Edward Bernays, 'Father of Public Relations' And Leader in Opinion Making, Dies at 103". The New York Times. March 10, 1995.
4.Ewen, Stuart (1996). "Chapter 1: Visiting Edward Bernays". PR!A Social History Of Spin – Chapter 1. Basic Books. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05.
5.Bernays, Edward (1923). Crystallizing Public Opinion. Ig Publishing.ISBN 193543926X.
6.Bernays, Edward (1928). Propaganda. Ig Publishing. ISBN 0970312598.
7.Lavin, Maud (July 21, 2002). "A literary couple's muted memoir of 1950s New York". Chicago Tribune. Edward and his wife, Doris Fleischman,were nonpracticing, highly assimilated, wealthy German-American Jews, and Anne grew up a self-professed hothouse flower on New York's Upper East Side.
8.Tye(1998), p. 115.
9.Colford, Paul D. (December 5, 1991). "A Birthday Salute to the Father of Public Relations". Newsday (Nassau ed.). Part II p. 78.Retrieved February 24, 2016.
10.umpup to:a b Tye (1998), 4–5.
11.Cook,Joan (July 12, 1980). "Doris Fleischman Bernays Dead; Pioneer Public Relations Counsel". The New York Times. Metropolitan Report p. 22.Retrieved February 24, 2016.
12.Tye(1998), pp. 1–3, 123–124. "Once she resolved to enter her husband's world of public relations, Doris did play a central role in building the Bernaysempire, and when the press dubbed him the prince of publicity she could rightfully claim to be the princess. She made her mark first as a wordsmith,churning out press releases and polished stories on clients ranging from theU.S. War Department to the American Tobacco Company. She also conceived of,wrote, and edited a four-page news letter called Contact, which reprinted partsof speeches and articles on public relations, sorted through new ideas in the field, and promoted the activities of the Bernays office. And she ghost-wrote scores of speeches and strategy papers that were delivered under her husband'sname. It's easy to pick out her writings from among the many papers that Eddie Bernays left behind: they're the ones with rich vocabulary and poetic flourish,free from the more formal style that was his trademark."
13.Tye(1998), pp. 5–6. "They used the Medical Review to argue against women wearing corsets with stays and to encourage shower baths; they published expert opinions on health controversies, a relatively novel approach; and they distributed free copies to most of the 137,000 licensed physicians in the United States."
14.Tye(1998), pp. 6–7. "Bennett quickly accepted the offer, pumping up the young editor with visions of a crusade against Victorian mores, promising to recruit actors who would work without pay and prodding him to raise money for the production. Eddie was so excited that he volunteered to underwrite the production."
15.Rampton & Stauber (2001) , p. 44.
16.Tye(1998), p. 8. "The key with Damaged Goods, he realized, was to transformthe controversy into a cause and recruit backers who already were public rolemodels. The twenty-one-year-old editor formed a Medical Review of Reviews Sociological Fund Committee, then attracted members with an artful appeal that played on Bennett's reputation as an artist as well as the worthiness of battling prudishness. Among those who signed up were John D. Rockefeller,Jr., Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt Sr., Mr. and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dr.William Jay Schieffelin, whose company had recently brought to America atreatment for syphilis, and the Reverent John Haynes Holmes of New York'sUnitarian Community Church."
17.Cutlip(1994), p. 162.
18.Tye(1998), pp. 9–16.
19.Tye(1998), p. 18. "Finally given his chance to serve, Eddie recruited Ford,International Harvester, and scores of other American firms to distribute literature on U.S. war aims to foreign contacts and post U.S. propaganda on the windows of 650 American offices overseas. He distributed postcards to Italian soldiers at the front so they could boost morale at home, and he planted propaganda behind the German lines to sow dissent. He organized rallies atCarnegie Hall featuring freedom fighters from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other states that were anxious to break free of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And to counter German propaganda he had American propaganda printed in Spanish and Portuguese and inserted into export journals sent across Latin America.
"Inshort, he helped win America over to an unpopular war using precisely the techniques he'd used to promote Daddy Long Legs and the Ballet Russe."
20.JamesR. Mock, "The Creel Committee in Latin America", The Hispanic American Historical Review 22(2), May 1942, p. 276. "Another section ofthe New York office, however, was especially concerned with publicity channels and publicity for the nations south of us. This was the division known as the Bureau of Latin-American Affairs, with Edward L. Bernays and Lieutenant F. E.Ackerman playing possibly the leading roles. That organization appealed especially to American firms doing business in Latin America, and secured their cooperation. In addition to means already cited, this section utilized various kinds of educators, especially as a medium of distributing pamphlets."
21.Ewen(1996), pp. 162–163. "During the war years, Bernays joined the army of publicists rallied under the banner of the CPI and concentrated on propaganda efforts aimed at Latin American business interests. Within this vast campaignof "psychological warfare", as he described it, Bernays—like othersof his generation—began to develop an expanded sense of publicity and its practical uses."
22.Alan Axelrod, Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda; New York:Palgrave Macmillan (St. Martin's Press), 2009; ISBN 978-0-230-60503-9; p. 200.
23.Tye(1998), p. 19.
24.Cutlip(1994), p. 165. "Bernays' release announced that the Official Press Mission to the Peace Conference was leaving the next day for Paris and instead of the narrow technical press support mission Creel had defined for the group,Bernays inserted this sentence: 'The announced object of the expedition is tointerpret the work of the Peace Conference by keeping up a worldwide propaganda to disseminate American accomplishments and ideals.' Two days later, the NewYork World headlined the story: 'TO INTERPRET AMERICAN IDEALS.' George Creelwas furious; already in a battle with Congress, Creel knew that this would add fat to the fire. He disavowed the story. Nonetheless, it hastened the demise of the CPI."
25.Cutlip(1994), p. 168.
26.President's Research Committee on Social Trends (1933). Recent Social Trends in the United States. Internet Archive. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
27.Alix Spiegel. Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations, Morning Edition,2005-04-22
28.Alan Bilton (2013). Silent Film Comedy and American Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. p.16. ISBN 978-1-137-02025-3.
29.See"The New York world's fair, a symbol for democracy", address by Bernays to the Merchant's Association of New York, 7 April 1937.
30.Tye(1998), pp 77–79. See "Breakfast With Coolidge" typescript, prepared 8 February 1962.
31.Tye(1988), pp. 79– 80.
32.Tye(1998), pp. 81–83.
33.Jumpup to:a b Tye (1998), p. 84–85.
34.Tye(1998), p. 89.
35.Bernays, Edward L. (1965). Biography of an idea: memoirs of public relations counsel. Simon and Schuster. p. 606. I offered to help organize the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy, made up for the most part of Americans of Danish ...
36.Hasselriis, Caspar Henrik Wolffsen (1959). Helligdag: erindringer (inDanish). Udgivet af Dansk samvirke hos E. Munksgaard. p. 143. ... at han vildeengagere den kendte Public Relations Ekspert Edward L. Bernays til at væreRaadgiver. ... Resultatet blev Dannelsen af "American Friends of DanishFreedom and Democracy", et Navn foreslaaet af Mr. Bernays, som mente, ...
37.Jensen, Mette Bastholm; Jensen, Steven L. B. (2003). Denmark and the Holocaust. Institute for International Studies, Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. ISBN 978-87-989305-1-8. The "Father of Public Relations and Spin" and nephew of Sigmund Freud Edward L. Bernays (1890–1995), wasalso hired by the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy as a ...
38.Tye(1998), pp. 185–190.
39.Tye(1998), 35–36.
40.Jumpup to:a b Tye (1998), p. 23–26. "Bernays launched the campaign against sweets with his tried-and-true tactic of enlisting 'experts,' in this case convincing Nickolas Muray, a photographer friend, to ask other photographers and artists to sing praises of the thin. 'I have come to the conclusion,' Muraywrote, 'that the slender woman who, combining suppleness and grace with slenderness, who instead of overeating sweets and deserts, lights a cigarette,as the advertisements say, has created a new standard of female loveliness. . .. I am interested in knowing if my own judgment concurs with that of others,and should be most happy to have your opinion on the subject.'"
41.Tye(1998), p. 27–28. "Bernays understood they were up against a social taboo that cast doubt on the character of women who smoked, but he wasn't sure of the basis of the inhibition or how it could be overcome. So he got Hill to agree topay for a consultation with Dr. A. A. Brill, a psychoanalyst and disciple of Bernays's uncle, Dr. Sigmund Freud.
"'Itis perfectly normal for women to want to smoke cigarettes,' Brill advised. 'The emancipation of women has suppressed many of their feminine deisres. More women now do the same work as men do. Many women bear no children; those who do bear have fewer children. Feminine traits are masked. Cigarettes, which are equated with men, become torches of freedom.'
"That rang a bell for Bernays. Why not organize a parade of prominent women lighting their 'torches of freedom'? And do it on Easter Sunday, a holiday symbolizing freedom of spirit, on Fifth Avenue, America's most prestigious promenade?"
42.Tye(1998), p. 29.
43.Tye(1998), pp. 30–31. "The actual march went off more smoothly than even itsscript writers imagined. Ten young women turned out, marching down Fifth Avenue with their lighted 'torches of freedom,' and the newspapers loved it.
[…]Miss Hunt issued the following communiqué from the smoke-clouded battlefield:'I hope that we have started something and that these torches of freedom, with no particular brand favored, will smash the discriminatory taboo on cigarettes for women and that our sex will go on breaking down all discriminations.'
Go onthey did. During the following days women were reported to be taking to the streets, lighted cigarettes in hand, in Boston and Detroit, Wheeling and SanFrancisco."
44."Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of ‘Freedom’"(part of a headline), The New York Times, 1 April 1929.
45.Tye(1998), p. 38.
46.Tye(1998), p. 39. "Vogelman signed up and invited fashion editors to the Waldorf for a Green Fashions Fall Luncheon with, of course, green menusfeaturing green beans, asparagus-tip salad, broiled French lamb chops with haricots verts and olivette potatoes, pistachio mousse glacé, green mints, and crème de menthe. The head of the Hunter College art department gave a talk entitled "Green in the Work of Great Artists," and a notedpsychologist enlightened guests on the psychological implications of the colorgreen. The press took note, with the New York Sun headline reading, "It looks like a Green Winter." The Post predicted a "Green Autumn,"and one of the wire services wrote about "fall fashions stalking the forests for their color note, picking green as the modish fall wear."
47.Tye (1998), pp. 31–32. "One way he found citizens and specialists was byoffering money. Sometimes it came as an honorarium, like the $100 he proposed paying 'a dietician [who] talks on diet as the best means to produce moderatecurves' and a 'physiologist induced to comment on benefits of modern trend to reasonable figure.' Then there was the $5000 he offered to donate to the favorite charity of Mrs. Charles Dana Gibson, wife of the creator of theren owned Gibson Girl illustrations, if she would agree to sign a statement saying 'she smoked Luckies and that they were kind to her throat.'"
48.Tye (1998), pp. 33–34. "If he began by disguising his role in the battle to get women smoking, Bernays more than madeup for that in later years. The parade story in particular became part of his repertoire on the speaking circuit and in scores of interviews until his deathin 1995, and with each retelling the tale got more colorful and his claims more sweeping. In his 1965 memoirs, for instance, he discussed the slow process ofbreaking down conventions like the taboo against women smoking. But by 1971 he was telling an oral historian at Columbia University that 'overnight the taboo was broken by one overt act,' the 1929 Easter Sunday march."
49.Tye (1998), pp. 27,
50.Tye (1998), pp. 160–164. Tye notes:"The bureau even renamed the region, explaining that 'Middle America' was'a rational and timely expansion of the phrase 'Central America,' which by longusage includes only the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, ElSalvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and the colony of British Honduras.' Middle America would include those countries, along with Mexico and the Caribbean island republics of Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic."
51.Tye (1998), pp. 164–165. Tye's source forBernays's $100,000 fee is probably Thomas McCann, whom he quotes on p. 178 assaying: "My estimate is we were spending in excess of $100,000 a year forEdward L. Bernays, just for his consulting services, which was an enormous amount of money in 1952."
52.Jump up to:a b Richard H. Immerman, The CI Ain Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention; University of Texas Press,1982; ninth printing, 2004; ISBN 0-292-71083-6; pp. 112–114.
53.Jump up to:a b Tye (1998), p. 167–170.
54.Tye (1998), p. 175.
55.Jump up to:a b c John Kirch, "Coveringa Coup: The American Press and Guatemala in 1954 Archived 2012-06-23 at the Wayback Machine.", Paper presented at AEJMC National Convention,Washington DC; August 2007.
56.Étienne Dasso, "Aux origines du coupd’État de 1954 au Guatemala : le rôle de la United Fruit Company dans la préparation du soulèvement contre JacoboArbenz", L'Ordinaire des Amériques210 (2010), pp. 175–192.
57.Tye (1998), p. 176. "His Library of Congress files show he remained a key source of information for the press,especially the liberal press, right through the take over. In fact, as the invasion was commencing on June 18, his papers indicate hew as giving the'first news anyone received on the situation' to the Associated Press, UnitedPress, the International News Service, and The New York Times, with contacts intensifying over the next several days."
58.Tye (1998), p. 179. "And in 1956 Bernays came up with the idea of widely disseminating a comparison of the teachings of the Communists with those of the church. 'Hate is the driving force of communism,' the report concluded, whereas 'charity is the impelling motive of Christianity.' And under communism 'there is no moral law' and 'nopersonal liberty,' whereas in Christianity 'the moral law is the way which manis created to follow' and 'free will means liberty is possible, the liberty of the sons of God to do the right.'"
59.Tye (1998), p. 180.
60.Marks (1957), p. 82. "Bernays oncespoke directly to the question of the ethics of a propagandist's speaking through a 'front.' There is no evidence that, at the time, he convinced anyone;but his position is worth considering as contrast to the prevailing judgment.While he readily admitted that a propagandist may not ethically buy the cooperation of a third party, he argued that it is perfectly legitimate for him to enlist the aid of a third party and conceal the relationship. The third party becomes a new advocate, not a subsidiary of the first. He continued:
That individual or organization may then propagandize it [the original client's point of view] through its own channels because it is interested in it. In sucha case, the point of origin then becomes that individual or organization. The public relations counsel, having made the link between the interest of his client and the interest of the third party, no longer need figure in the resulting expression to the public. [Bernays, 'This Business of Propaganda,' p.199.]
61."Edward L. Bernays tells the story of making bacon & eggs all-American Breakfast".
62. Jump up to:a b Marks (1957), p. 73.
63.Quoted in Olasky (1984), p. 10.
64.Bernays, Edward (2005) [1928]. Propaganda.Brooklyn, N.Y: Ig Pub. p. 47. ISBN 0970312598.
65.Bernays, Edward L. (March 1947). "The Engineering of Consent" (PDF). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 250 (1): 113–20 at p. 114. doi:10.1177/000271624725000116.ISSN 0002-7162. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2016. Any person or organization depends ultimately on publicapproval, and is therefore faced with the problem of engineering the public's consent to a program or goal.
66.Bernays, "The Minority Rules"(1927), pp. 150, 151; cited in Marks (1957), p. 116.
67.Bernays, Propaganda (book) (1928), p. 28;quoted in Olasky (1985), p. 20.
68.Bernays, Propaganda (book) (1928), p. 159.Quoted in Olasky (1984), p. 3.
69.Olasky (1985), p. 17. "… his belief that behind-the-scenes controllers should exercise 'social responsibility' by devising clever public relations campaigns to direct 'human herds' into appropriate corals."
70.Olasky (1985), p. 19.; Olasky (1984), p. 19,f. 40. "Bernays emphasized that in a large scale society there were only two choices: manipulation or social chaos. He saw history moving in a certain direction and public relations practitioners obliged to climb on the locomotive".
71.Olasky (1984), pp. 13–14. "What Potterdid not understand, though, is that the contradictions apparent to aclassically-trained political scientist formed a seamless web in the new worldof public relations that Bernays was proposing. If the 'individual common man'has no real individuality, as Bernays argued in Propaganda – only 'rubberstamping' by one propagandist or another, then one more duping does no harm to individual souls. And if Hitler had hit upon the techniques and used them forevil purposes, then that would be all the more reason-- given the inevitability of these techniques being put into use and the inability of men to resistthem-- for those hoping to avoid the chaos to rush the techniques into usebefore evil could turn them into a triumph of fire."
72.Bernays, "The Minority Rules"(1927), p. 155; quoted in Marks (1957), p. 182.
73.Olasky (1984), p. 12. "Bernays,however, anticipated greater centralization in government and media, and the consequent growth of a new bureaucracy. He advocated governmental licensing of public relations counselors, or at the least a set pattern of formal,university training befitting those who would form a latter-day mandarin class.Bernays also tried to enlist proponents of greater economic centralization inhis public-relations planning.
74.Storm Clouds Gathering. "Rule from the Shadows - The Psychology of Power". Storm Clouds Gathering. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
75.Strottman, Christine (June 18, 2013)."Edward L. Bernays". www.transatlanticperspectives.org. Retrieved2017-11-28.
76.Cutlip (1994), p. 160.
77.Olasky (1984), pp. 4–6.
78.Olasky (1984), p. 8. "Bernays' ownpublic relations also tended to suffer when comparisons were made between his techniques and those of the Nazis. One book in 1934, for instance, criticized the techniques of propaganda 'carried into perfection by the Lord North cliffes in war time England, the Edward Bernays in industrial America, and the Dr.Goebbels in fascist Germany.' Barrons linked American and German-style public relations in 1935 when it noted that 'Hitler, by making what Bernays calls"Devils" for the German masses to look down upon, has aroused the acclaim of the more easily swayed masses.' A 1934 article by Abraham H. Cohen in Opinion noted that Bernays had written a preface to a book on public opinion and commented, 'Now that the art of Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays has been reduced to a science, and is receiving the attention of the Universities, we may soonlook to a new crop of manipulators of the public will. Who knows, but that anew American Goebbels...is now pouring over this book."
79.Bernays (1965), p. 652. Quoted in Dennis W.Johnson, Routledge Handbook of Political Management, (New York: Routledge,2009), p. 314 n. 3; and in Tye (1998), p. 111.
Karlvon Wiegand, foreign correspondent of the Hearst newspapers, an old hand atinterpreting Europe and just returned from Germany, was telling us about Goebbels and his propaganda plans to consolidate Nazi power. Goebbels had shown Wiegand his propaganda library, the best Wiegand had ever seen. Goebbels, said Wiegand, was using my book Crystallizing Public Opinion as a basis for his destructive campaign against the Jews of Germany. This shocked me. ...Obviously the attack on the Jews of Germany was no emotional outburst of the Nazis, but a deliberate, planned campaign.
80.Olasky (1984), pp. 8–9. "Bernays himself added some gasoline to this fire when he argued, as did Goebbels, forthe necessity of strong men, human gods, to emerge as influencers of public opinion; for instance, in a speech to the Financial Advertisers Association in 1935, Bernays said that the main answer to financial problems is 'to acquire anentire new set of outstanding human living symbols that will hold public confidence…Publicists, economists, leaders in research, the heads of great educational institutions can and should be made the human symbols to bring new faith and strength.' Journalists compared statements of that sort by Bernays to the thoughts of Goebbels or, alternately, Stalin."
81.Marks (1957), p. 200 "By that time [the mid-1930s] he had developed a keen sense of the threat from fascism and frequently urged that the democracies use propaganda in their own defense. Itwas in this context that Bernays began treating propaganda as synonymous with free speech and debate, as an unexceptional feature of democracy itself ratherthan as its antithesis. As a participant on 'Town Meeting of the Air' in 1937 he said,
Propaganda is the voice of the people in the democracy of today because it gives everyonean opportunity to present his point of view. Fascist or Communist societies have no alternate propagandas; they must accept the official propagand as of those in power. [...]
82.Olasky (1984), p. 9. "Bernays was ableto overcome criticism partly because there was, for many, little arguing withsuccess. Life in 1933 noted that '...at 1 Wall St., there is Edw. L. Bernays,nephew of Sigmund Freud, who has probably made more money out of applied psycho-analysis than all Vienna ever saw.' The Bulletin of the Financial Advertisers Association examined profit figures in 1935 and then called Bernays'the outstanding counsel on public relations in the United States today, aprofession he was largely instrumental in creating.'"
83.Marks (1957), p. 99. "And Bernays' wordwas respected. Said the Committee on Propaganda of the National Education Association, citing Bernays and, incidentally using another conventional metaphor, 'This continual and universal activity [i.e. of the 'thousands of highly trained and ingenious men' who work at 'the great occupation of "putting it over"'] is regimenting the public mind as an army regiments the bodies of its soldiers.' In addition, there was a plethora of independent testimony such as that of the utility executive who told the F. T. C. that without the industry's propaganda 'state, municipal, and Government [sic] ownership would have been 100% ahead of what it is today; and Adolf Hitler's widely quoted comment that 'by sagacious and persistent use of propaganda heaven itself maybe presented to a people as hell and, inversely, the most wretched existence asparadise.'"
84.Stauber, John and Sheldon Rampton."Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of PR" (bookreview). PR Watch 6:2, Second Quarter, 1999 (p. 11).
出处
外接视频
与拉里·泰伊公话《颠倒黑白之父》，1998年9月20日，C-SPAN
https://www.c-span.org/video/?110971-1/the-father-spin-edward-bernays
• 爱德华·伯内斯。《思想传记：公关顾问爱德华·伯内斯回忆录》纽约：西蒙&舒斯特出版社，1965年。
• 斯科特·M·卡特利普。《无形的力量：公共关系的一段历史》。英国霍夫：LawrenceErlbaum出版社，1994. ISBN 0-8058-1465-5
• 斯图尔特·埃文。《公关！一部关于舆论诱导的社会史》。纽约：基础图书（波尔修斯）出版社，1996年，ISBN 0-465-06179-6
• 巴里·艾伦·马克思。“美国的宣传理念。”1957年通过明尼苏达大学博士学位论文。
• 马文·奥拉斯基。“接受爱德华·伯内斯‘操纵公众舆论’的学说”。1984年8月6日在新闻和大众传播教育协会年会上展现的论文；(ERIC)。
• 马文·奥拉斯基。“从混乱中恢复秩序：爱德华·伯内斯与公共关系对社会的拯救”。《新闻史》第12卷第1期，1985年春。
• 谢尔顿·兰普顿，约翰·斯道伯。《相信我们，我们是专家！宣传业如何操纵科学和用你的未来打赌》。纽约：Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam出版社，2001. ISBN1-58542-059-X
• 拉里·泰伊。《颠倒黑白之父：爱德华·伯内斯与公共关系的诞生》。纽约：皇冠出版社，1998. ISBN 0805067892
延伸阅读
外接视频
“爱德华·伯内斯与企业公共关系”——密歇根大学教授大卫·汉考克2013年12月5日的演讲，C-SPAN
https://www.c-span.org/video/?316382-1/edward-bernays-corporate-public-relations
• 《美国国家传记》第2卷，牛津大学出版社，1999年。
• 约翰·斯道伯，谢尔顿·兰普顿，《有毒污泥对你有好处：谎言，该死的谎言和公关行业》
• 爱德华·伯内斯，《思想传记：公关顾问回忆录》(节选)
• 亚当·柯蒂斯，(2008年11月26日)。“自我的世纪。1-1幸福机器”。英国广播公司。2010年2月12日检索。
• “弗洛伊德的侄子与公共关系的起源”全国公共广播电台。2010年2月12日检索。
• 丹·D.·尼姆；西维尔·纽瑟姆(1997)。20世纪美国的政治评论家：传记评论资料读物。康涅狄格州韦斯特波特：格林伍德出版社。第1-9页。ISBN 0-313-29585-9。
• 马文·奥拉斯基与伯内斯在Townhall.com上的采访
• 威尔弗雷德·特洛特(1919)。《和平与战争中的群体本能》-第四次印刷，附录。纽约，MacMillan出版社。
• 斯蒂芬·本德。《卡尔·罗夫和弗洛伊德之侄的幽灵》，LewRockwell.com，2005-02-04
外部链接
• 国会图书馆关于爱德华·L.·伯内斯的文章（检索工具）
• 伯内斯在国会图书馆的一些文章作为“繁荣与节俭：柯立芝时代和消费经济，1921-1929”的一部分在网上发表。
• 爱德华·L.·伯内斯的文章，1982-1998（大部分是1993-1995）藏于麻省波士顿的东北大学图书馆、档案和特别收藏部。
• 自由火炬视频片段
• 爱德华·伯内斯自述“自由的火炬”——视频片段−1999
• “埃弗雷特·迪安·马丁和爱德华·L.·伯内斯，《我们是宣传的受害者吗？》”(国会图书馆，摘自《论坛杂志》，1929年3月)。Memory.loc.gov. 2010年2月12日检索。
• C - SPAN上的露面
• 古登堡计划：爱德华·L.·伯内斯的著作
• 互联网档案馆：爱德华·伯内斯的著作
• 给爱德华·L.·伯内斯先生的信，源自<净化>RDP80B01676R003800020083-0；“给爱德华·L.·伯内斯先生的信，源自<净化>RDP80B01676R003800020084-9”，1958年，中央情报局
背景简介：本文作者CHS为理科博士，科技从业者，专长为计算机技术，有多年海外生活经历，对国外社会有独特的观察。作者授权风云之声首发。 责任编辑：孙远